Black Nationalism and Independence Movements
Photo Essay
Many Americans associate black nationalism with the Black Power movement of the late sixties but the United States has a long history of black independence and black nationalist movements. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, African Americans established black-only settlements or "Black Towns" as a way to achieve greater autonomy from white economic, political, and social systems. Creating separatist spaces was taken to a new level as black nationalists turned to Africa as a solution to racial oppression. Back-to-Africa movements have figured heavily in the history of black independence and nationalistic identity formation in the United States and repatriation movements began as early as the turn of the nineteenth century. The most successful Back-to-Africa campaign was led by Marcus Garvey in the 1920s and his ideas of black pride and economic independence greatly influenced later black nationalists such as Malcolm X, who in turn influenced activists such as Stokely Carmichael, Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, Angela Davis, and others. In the heightening racial tension of the late-1960s, activists such as these helped form the concept of Black Power as we think of it today. Throughout US history black independence and nationalist movements have been tied to the struggle for economic and social equality as well as a deep dedication to racial pride. This photo essay explores how African Americans have historically dealt with oppressive social systems by creating alternative communities.
Featured Articles
The following articles have been selected to help guide readers who want to learn more about black independence and black nationalist movements in the United States. (Access to the following articles is available only to subscribers.)
Subject Entries
- Black Towns
- Black Towns
- Exodusters
- Mound Bayou
- American Colonization Society
- Liberia
- Sierra Leone
- Universal Negro Improvement Association
- Nation of Islam
- Black Nationalism in the United States
- Black Nationalism and Women
- Black Power in the United States
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
- Black Arts Movement
- Black Panther Women
- MOVE
Biographies
- Benjamin Singleton
- Henry McNeal Turner
- Martin Robinson Delany
- Paul Cuffe
- Marcus Moziah Garvey
- Malcolm X
- Hajj Bahiyah Betty Shabazz
- Angela Davis
- Stokely Carmichael
- Kathleen Cleaver
- Huey P. Newton
- Amiri Baraka
- Bobby Seale
- Tommie Smith