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Article

Cadena y Herrera, José Onofre Antonio de la  

Juan Carlos Estenssoro

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
01 June 2016
Published online:
31 May 2017

was born in Trujillo, in northwestern Peru, between 1707 and 1728; his exact year of birth is unknown. He was the son of Magdalena Tirado, who might have been a slave, and Miguel de Herrera, a free man of mixed descent. He defined himself as a pardo, or black man. It has been confirmed that he was a slave belonging to the silversmith Martín de la Cadena, which would explain his last name as well as his knowledge of metalwork; however, during the period of time documented in his biography, José was a free man.

Cadena’s first marriage was to Pascuala Velarde. In 1761 he signed his Cartilla música, a small treatise of musical theory published in Lima two years later. He was imprisoned briefly for debts he acquired in printing the treatise. It is probable that between 1763 and 1767 he might have lived in ...

Article

Clare, John  

Christopher Campbell

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
19 March 2007
Published online:
30 September 2008

Northamptonshirepoet and labourer whose support for the Anti‐Slavery Movement was consistent with his consideration for the plight of the disfranchised within society. He corresponded with the literary editor and publisher Thomas Pringle secretary of the Anti Slavery Society on the subject of the colonial trade in trafficking humans I have a feeling on the broad principle of common humanity that slavery is not only impiety but disgracful to a country professing religion and there is evidence to suggest that Clare considered contributing to poetic anthologies on the subject He later utilized the language of abolition to describe his own wretched state in the asylum which he termed a slave ship from Africa While Clare expresses little condemnation for the machinery of imperialism as a system in the Blakean sense his account of meeting a black beggar outside St Paul s Cathedral London and his resolve to return with ...

Article

Park, Mungo  

Charles Withers

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
08 December 2011
Published online:
30 September 2012

Scottish physician, botanist, and explorer, was the first European to return safely having observed the west–east course of the River Niger. His significance stems from this geographical accomplishment, from the much reprinted book of his first expedition, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, first published in 1799, and from his “heroic” failure and death in 1806, in circumstances that are still unclear, on a further Niger expedition. His second posthumously published work, published in 1815, and drawn from Park’s surviving papers and reports, began the process of Park’s biographical commemoration.

Park was born near Selkirk in Scotland on or about 11 September 1771, the seventh of thirteen children. Park was educated at home, at Selkirk Grammar School, and, from 1789, in the University of Edinburgh, where he studied medicine. In November of 1792 Park was introduced to Sir Joseph Banks by his brother ...

Article

Pereira, João Manso  

Lorelai Brilhante Kury

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
01 June 2016
Published online:
31 May 2017

important figure in late colonial Brazil in the growth of scientific and technical activities usually associated with the manipulation of fire, such as casting, distillation, ceramics, and the production of ash for industrial use, was born in Minas Gerais, possibly in 1750. His biographers describe him as mulato, tall, and thin. Manso held jobs in mining, metallurgy, and chemistry. He perfected machinery and procedures for the production of cane brandy, salt, and porcelain. The Rio de Janeiro–born poet Domingos Caldas Barbosa left a handwritten poem in honor of João Manso, preserved among the manuscripts of the University of Coimbra, that praises his activities in the Sociedade Literária do Rio de Janeiro (Literary Society of Rio de Janeiro). Manso never left his native Brazil.

Manso reportedly received the Habit of the Order of Christ His trajectory indicates that reading practices coupled with manual skills and experience had an important ...

Article

Sidiyya al-Kabir al-Ntishaiʾi  

Charles C. Stewart

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
08 December 2011
Published online:
30 September 2012

was born in 1776 CE/AH 1190 into one of the lesser fractions (the Ntishaiʾi) of a southwest Saharan clerical (or zawiya) clan, the Awlad Abyiri. His full name was Sidiyya al-Kabir (“the elder”) b. al-Mukhtar b. al-Hayba al-Ntishai’i.

Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the region now known as Mauritania was governed by a loose balance of two types of lineage groups, one that lived largely as predators and another that subsisted as pastoralists. Within the latter group were found nomadic schools in the Islamic disciplines where, judging by the texts studied and written locally, a talented student might advance to levels on a par with advanced education in places like Fez or Cairo.

Sidiyya’s early schooling, consisting initially of his memorization of the entire Qurʾan, would have been conducted under the supervision of his father and uncles, common for youth in the tradition of zawiya tribes like ...