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Article

Brown, Earl  

Stephen Eschenbach

politician, journalist, and Negro League professional baseball pitcher, was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, one of four children. His father was a Baptist minister and his mother was a nurse. His mother wanted him to pursue medicine, but Brown was interested in sports and studying social problems. After preparing at Howard Academy in Washington, D.C., Brown went to Harvard.

Brown majored in economics but also played baseball, lettering as a left-handed pitcher. He worked his way through Harvard as a janitor and waiter. During summer breaks he was a Red Cap at Grand Central Station in New York, and also played in the Negro Leagues. In 1923 and 1924 he pitched for the New York Lincoln Giants Interestingly Harvard usually aggressive about enforcing early NCAA rules barring athletes from playing professional sports apparently did not punish Brown when he played in the professional ranks before returning to the Harvard baseball ...

Article

Cartwright, Marguerite D.  

Rebecca L. Hankins

journalist, educator, lecturer, and actress, was born Marguerite Phillips Dorsey in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the only child of Joseph A. Dorsey, an architect and real estate broker, and Mary Louise Ross. Marguerite Cartwright's early education was in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She later earned her BS Ed. and MA degrees from Boston University in 1932 and 1933, respectively. Her master's thesis was on the African origins of drama, contending that the Greek god Dionysus was an African. She married the chemical engineer Leonard Carl Cartwright in 1930, an interracial union that lasted over fifty years, until his death in 1982.

Cartwright combined her academic interest in theater with an application as an actress in a number of plays and films, including the play Roll Sweet Chariot (1934) in New York City and the film Green Pastures (1935 Simultaneously working as an actress and a ...

Article

Dube, John Langalibalele  

John Langalibalele Dube was born near Inanda, Natal (in what is now KwaZulu-Natal province), in eastern South Africa. Dube studied at Oberlin College, in Oberlin, Ohio, and was ordained a minister before returning to Natal. In 1903 he was one of the founders and the editor of the first Zulu newspaper, Ilanga lase Natal (Sun of Natal). In 1909 he founded the Ohlange Institute for Boys and then a school for girls, both near Durban. The same year Dube helped convene a South African Native Convention at Bloemfontein to oppose the “European descent” clause in the draft constitution for the Union (now Republic) of South Africa, which would bar men of color from Parliament.

On January 8 1912, Dube was elected the first president general of the South African Native National Congress (which later became the African National Congress). He led the opposition to the 1913 ...

Article

Frisby, Herbert  

Elizabeth P. Stewart

Arctic explorer, science teacher, and newspaper correspondent, was born Herbert Milton Frisby in South Baltimore, the oldest of the seven children of Ida Frisby (née Henry) and Joseph S. Frisby, a keeper of grain tallies in the port of Baltimore. Born into poverty, young Herbert Frisby worked his way through school by selling peanuts, working as a butler, and playing jazz piano. He graduated from Baltimore Colored High School in 1908 and earned his BA in Liberal Arts from Howard University in 1912. He received an MA in Education from Columbia University in 1936. Frisby married Annie Russell in 1919; they had one son, H. Russell Frisby Sr.

As a sixth-grader Frisby was inspired by the accomplishments of the explorer Matthew Henson, the first African American to reach the North Pole in 1909 with Admiral Robert E. Peary. When Henson ...

Article

Goode, Malvin Russell  

Michelle K. Massie

civil rights activist and pioneering journalist, was born in White Plains, Virginia, the third eldest of six children of William and Mary Goode. William Goode's father, Thomas, was born a slave and died after the Civil War, a free man. William and Mary moved their family to Homestead Pennsylvania a borough located seven miles from downtown Pittsburgh that was home to one of the world s most productive steel mills Goode s parents relocated from Virginia to Pennsylvania so their children could attend school year round and receive a better education than that offered in the South The colored schools in Virginia closed at harvest time so black children particularly boys could work in the fields The lure of better wages in the steel mills also prompted the family to migrate to the North Goode s father worked as a second helper on an open hearth ...

Article

Hardman, Della Brown Taylor  

Angela Sidman

art educator and newspaper columnist, was born in Charleston, West Virginia, to Captolia Monette Casey Brown, a teacher, and Anderson H. Brown, the owner of a meat market and a real estate broker. When Hardman was twenty months old her mother died in childbirth. Two months later Hardman's twin sister died. Her aunt Della Brown, for whom she was named, helped raise her. Education played a central role in Hardman's life from an early age. Both Hardman's mother and aunt were teachers, and Hardman was encouraged to do well in school. She graduated from Garnet High School in 1940 and enrolled in West Virginia State College, a historically black college in suburban Institute, West Virginia.

Following her graduation from West Virginia State with a BS in Education in 1943 Hardman moved to Boston She took classes at the Massachusetts College of Art and earned an MA ...

Article

Hunt, Ida Alexander Gibbs  

Jolie A. Jackson-Willett

Pan-Africanist, feminist, writer, educator, was born in Victoria, British Columbia, the third of four children of Mariah A. (Alexander) Gibbs, originally of Kentucky, and Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, originally of Pennsylvania. Ida Gibbs's father was the self-educated, wealthy son of free Philadelphia blacks who was himself notable for his many accomplishments: he founded the first African American owned newspaper; made a fortune selling boots and prospecting equipment to miners during the Gold Rush in San Francisco, California; was the first black elected municipal police judge in Little Rock, Arkansas; and served six years as United States Consul in Madagascar under Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt. Ida Gibbs's uncle Jonathan C. Gibbs was at one time secretary of state in Florida during Reconstruction Growing up in an atmosphere of educational and financial success may have influenced the Gibbs children to achieve in higher education and ...

Article

Johnson, Pauline Byrd Taylor  

Carson Grath. Leftwich

educator, writer, and community activist, was born Pauline Byrd in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to Edith Belle Hill Byrd, a hairdresser, and Oscar Byrd, an accountant. Her ancestors descended from a Kentucky slave owner and his black mistress, who educated their children and sent them north with money and wagons before the Civil War broke out. Her family was well known as one of southwest Michigan's aristocratic black families. Her grandfather, Forrest Hill, owned numerous properties and, as a teamster and builder, constructed several roads and two buildings at Kalamazoo College. Her grandparents, with whom Pauline and her mother lived after her parents divorced in 1906, emphasized courage, responsibility, hard work, and, above all, education. Her family was clearly inspired by the principles of Booker T. Washington the foremost black spokesman of the early twentieth century His emphasis on industrial education and attainable goals for ...

Article

Knox, William Jacob  

Robert Jr. Johnson

chemist, was the third of five children born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, to parents whose names are not recorded. The grandson of a former slave, his father worked in the local post office, and his mother was self-educated. His was a close-knit family that embraced education as the main route to economic independence and prosperity. All of the children graduated from high school. Knox's older sister went to normal school, and his brothers earned their doctorates. New Bedford had fewer than one thousand blacks when Knox was a child there, yet it was a prosperous community with black physicians and lawyers and even its own black police force. Frederick Douglass had lived there following his escape from slavery and the town had also been an important stop on the Underground Railroad Knox s sense of independence and self reliance was derived from this cultural milieu and it became ...

Article

Lawton, Maria Coles Perkins  

Charles Rosenberg

was born in Lynchburg, Virginia, the daughter and oldest child of Robert Alexander Perkins and Mildred Booker Cabell Perkins. Some sources state that she was born enslaved, but whether this is accurate remains uncertain. The 13th Amendment abolishing slavery was enacted in December 1865 while she was an infant. Her father was a schoolteacher by 1870, later working as a postal clerk, and her mother stayed home keeping house. Around 1880 her maternal uncle and grandmother, Thomas M. Coles (working as a barber) and Delphia Coles (doing laundry at age fifty) lived with the family.

Maria Perkins is routinely reported to have graduated from Lynchburg High School, and later taught in the city’s public schools. An examination of the City of Lynchburg Annual Reports for 1887 show that “the High School for whites” opened 2 March 1872 and for ten years were patronized exclusively by white pupils while ...

Article

Maynard, Robert Clyve  

Alice Bonner

journalist and champion of press diversity, was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Barbadian immigrants Robertine, a homemaker, and Samuel, a lay Pentecostal minister and furniture mover.

Maynard's ambition to excel in journalism and make the press reflect the diversity of American society sprang from his strict upbringing by striving, intensely religious parents who regarded education almost as highly as godliness, and denied their children most music, dancing, movies, and anything else they deemed frivolous. As the youngest of six, inhibited by a severe stutter and forced to compete with high-achieving siblings, Maynard began writing essays to read at family dinners, his first about the post–World War II “white flight” that cost him playmates and transformed his ethnically diverse Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood into a mostly black ghetto.

We were mostly immigrants when the war began We were all Americans when it was over Or so I thought ...

Article

Moore, Acel  

Meredith Broussard

Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and newspaper editor, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Jerry A. Moore, an electrician and stationary engineer at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and the Pyramid Tire Retreading Co., and homemaker Hura May Harrington. Moore grew up in West Philadelphia, where he attended Philadelphia's Overbrook High School and studied trumpet and French horn at the Settlement Music School. After graduating in 1958, he played jazz professionally for a year before enlisting in the U.S. Army, where he served as a medic. Returning to Philadelphia after being discharged from the Army in 1962, Moore applied for a job as a copy boy at the Philadelphia Inquirer—“Because I could type,” he said (telephone interview with subject, April 2007).

When Moore began as a copy clerk he was responsible for running copy to editors and reporters and was one of only three ...

Article

Organ, Claude H., Jr.  

Robert Fikes

surgeon and medical educator, was born Claude Harold Organ Jr. in Marshall, Texas, the second of three children born to Claude Harold Organ Sr., a postal worker, and Ottolena Pemberton, a schoolteacher. At age sixteen Claude Jr. graduated as valedictorian from Terrell High School in Denison, Texas, and followed his sister to Xavier University, a historically black Catholic school in New Orleans, from which he graduated cum laude in 1948.

Inspired by the achievements of the celebrated physician-inventor Charles Richard Drew and encouraged by two maternal uncles Organ chose to study medicine He was not allowed to enroll at the University of Texas because of his race His application to Creighton University in Omaha Nebraska however was accepted and he became only the second African American to be admitted into its medical school A focused hard driven student with a gift for public speaking Organ ...

Article

Park, Robert E.  

Yollette Trigg

sociologist, journalist, and publicist. Robert Ezra Park was born in Harveyville, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. His parents, Hiram Park and Theodosia Warner Park, were first cousins whose fathers were physicians. After serving two enlistments in the Union army, Hiram Park moved his schoolteacher wife and young baby to Red Wing, Minnesota, when the Civil War ended. Red Wing, a small town located approximately forty miles south of Minneapolis on the west bank of the Mississippi River, was home to a diverse mix of transplanted New Englanders, Scandinavian immigrants, and Native Americans. There Hiram established a wholesale grocery business to serve the needs of the burgeoning prairie town and the surrounding frontier communities.

Robert Park spent the first eighteen years of his life in Red Wing where he first became a student of the human condition Having few outlets for entertainment he read dime novels voraciously which fueled ...

Article

Parrish, Mary E. Jones  

Alfred L. Brophy

teacher and writer, was born in New York State. She chronicled the Tulsa Riots of 1921 in her book Events of the Tulsa Disaster, which was privately printed shortly after the riot. Little is known about Parrish's life or her family either before or after the riot. She first came from Rochester, New York, to Tulsa in 1918 to visit a brother, who had lived there for some time. Then she returned to New York to care for her ailing mother. Upon her mother's death, she moved to the African American section of Tulsa (known as Greenwood) around 1919 and worked as a teacher. Her gifts with language and her desire to tell the story of the riot makes Events of the Tulsa Disaster the most reliable and complete contemporary account of the incident. When used in conjunction with testimony in the court cases filed by J ...

Article

Sayyid, Ahmad Lutfi al-  

Haggai Erlich

Egyptian writer, was born in January 1872 to a landowning family in Lower Egypt. He attended a local traditional Islamic school (kuttab) and chose to go to the khedivial secondary school rather than to al-Azhar. Having read translated scholarly works, notably Darwin’s Origin of Species, he was admitted in 1889 to the Khedivial Law School, the alma mater of many of Egypt’s modern politicians and leaders. As a young student, he founded Egypt’s first law review, Majallat al-Tashriʿ (Legislative Review). He graduated in 1894, entered government service, and in 1897 began collaborating with the nationalist leader Mustafa Kamil, who had the support of Khedive ʿAbbas II. They advised him to go to Switzerland and acquire Swiss citizenship so that he would enjoy immunity as a journalist and would be able to criticize the British occupiers freely. However, in Geneva in 1897 he came under ...

Article

Scott, Emmett J.  

Maceo Crenshaw Dailey

private secretary and influential assistant to Booker T. Washington, advocate of racial uplift who displayed a lifelong commitment to the goals of the Tuskegee Institute–based educational and political machine and was a prominent black representative in Republican politics. Born in Houston, Texas, in 1873 to Horace and Emma Kyle Scott, Emmett Scott was surrounded with parents, relatives, and later friends who knew the horrors of enslavement either through experience, folklore, or history and were determined to rise in the American order. Scott was thus reared in a community that focused on establishing uplift institutions and organizations to enable them to realize and enjoy first-class American citizenship and life. After attending Houston's Gregory Institute, Emmett enrolled at Wiley College from 1887 to 1889 The economic circumstances of his family he was one of eight siblings did not afford Scott the opportunity to complete his college education Upon his ...

Article

Shanks, Lela Knox  

Tekla Ali Johnson

activist, journalist, and teacher, was born Lela Knox in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, to Lila Griggs Knox and William Medford Knox and grew up fifteen miles from Oklahoma City in the all-black town of Green Pastures. She graduated from Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri, in 1949 with a bachelor's degree in journalism. In 1946, at age nineteen, she met Hughes Hannibal Shanks, a disabled World War II veteran; they married on 26 November 1947 and had four children.

Soon after their marriage Hughes enrolled in law school. The Shanks wanted to help African Americans, but they also wanted a “normal and happy life”(author interview). Lela Shanks found the latter goal impossible to achieve because “everywhere we turned there was a racial barrier up.” Shanks noticed that enforcement of racial separation seemed especially stringent when it came to acquiring education for their children.

After Hughes graduated ...

Article

Shockley, Ann Allen  

Christina G. Bucher

journalist, librarian, bibliographer, and fiction writer, was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Henry Allen and Bessie Lucas Allen, social workers. Her mother, in fact, was the first African American social worker in Louisville. Shockley's aspirations to be a writer began at Madison Junior High School when a teacher encouraged her in her work; she later became editor of the school newspaper.

Shockley left Louisville in 1944 for Nashville, Tennessee, to attend Fisk University, where she wrote for and served as the fiction editor for the Fisk University Herald. When she returned to Louisville for the summer after her freshman year, she wrote a column titled “Teen Talk” for the Louisville Defender. Upon graduating from Fisk in 1948, Shockley moved to Maryland, where she convinced the white editor of the Federalsburg Times to include a column called Ebony Topics in which she ...

Article

Stone, Chuck  

Karen Jean Hunt

newspaper editor,-columnist, and civil rights activist, was born Charles Sumner Stone Jr. in a segregated hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, to Charles Sumner Stone Sr., a business manager at Poro College in St. Louis, and Madalene (Chafin) Stone, a payroll director. The Stones moved to New England when Chuck was three, and he grew up with his three sisters, Irene, Madalene, and Anne, in Hartford, Connecticut.Stone trained to be a navigator and bombardier in World War II as part of the famous Tuskegee airmen squadron. After leaving the military he continued his education at Wesleyan University, where he was the only black student on campus. Stone graduated in 1948 with a BA in Political Science and Economics, and he received an MA in Sociology from the University of Chicago in 1951 He spent eighteen months studying law at the University ...