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Article

Caribbean Influences On American Food  

Alice Ross and Mark H. Zanger

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
30 September 2004
Published online:
01 December 2006

The Caribbean influence on American food has been continual for hundreds of years, initially in coastal areas of similar climate, from Texas to the Carolinas. The early Spanish involvement in the Caribbean brought Caribbean foods to Europe and Africa, from whence they quickly returned to North America. Spanish gold shipments attracted other Europeans to the area and brought about the colonization of eastern North America. Cheap Caribbean sugar, coffee, cocoa, and spices have influenced the palates and tables of all Americans. The peoples of the Caribbean islands have developed multicultural cuisines that have been affecting American cooking at all levels since colonial times.

Influence of the Caribbean on contemporary American food may predate Columbus, because there is some possibility that Caribbean Indians reached Florida and introduced tropical tubers, or chilies. The chain of influence began in 1492 as the varieties of maize beans chilies squash peanuts and cassava collected ...

Article

Harlem  

Marcy S. Sacks

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
09 February 2009
Published online:
01 December 2009

The black presence in New York City dates back to the earliest years of Dutch colonization in the early seventeenth century. Over the generations, as the population of Manhattan increased in size, the once relatively scattered black population gradually became more concentrated within fewer geographic regions of the city. The 1800s witnessed the beginning of an uptown march, as the black population that had been centered in the working-class district of Five Points on the lower tip of the island early in the century faced residential pressures, leading it to shift its hub into modern-day Greenwich Village, then to an area known as the Tenderloin situated approximately between Twentieth and Fortieth streets. Though racial prejudice limited their housing options, black New Yorkers in the nineteenth century nevertheless lived in fairly heterogeneous working-class communities alongside ethnic whites.

The turn of the twentieth century however witnessed a precipitous growth in the black ...

Article

Los Angeles  

Thomas Jessen Adams

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
09 February 2009
Published online:
01 December 2009

Los Angeles has proved to be one of the most important and unusual cities in African American urban history. Los Angeles was one of the principal geographical destinations in the mid-twentieth century Second Great Migration, and the history of African Americans there has both been shaped by and has helped to shape the distinctive economic, spatial, political, and ethnic history of Southern California.

Article

Maroons  

Richard Price

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
19 March 1998
Published online:
30 September 2010

The man who was to become the first African-American maroon arrived on the first slave ship to reach the Americas, within a decade of Columbus's landfall; one of the last maroons to escape from slavery was still alive in Cuba in the 1970s. For more than four centuries the communities formed by escaped slaves dotted the fringes of plantation America, from Brazil to the southeastern United States and from Peru to the American Southwest. Known variously as palenques, quilombos, mocambos, cumbes, mambises, or ladeiras these new societies ranged from tiny bands that survived less than a year to powerful states with thousands of members that survived for generations or even centuries Today their descendants still form semi independent enclaves in several parts of the hemisphere for example in Suriname French Guiana Jamaica Colombia and Belize remaining fiercely proud of their maroon origins and in some cases at least ...

Article

Primus, Pearl  

C. S'thembile West

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
15 March 2013
Published online:
31 May 2013

dance pioneer, anthropologist, and choreographer, was born in Trinidad, the daughter of Edward Primus and Emily Jackson, and migrated with her family to New York City when she was two years old. She majored in biology and premedicine at Hunter College of the City University of New York and graduated in1940. Seeking support for graduate studies, she solicited help from the National Youth Administration (NYA). Under the auspices of the NYA she was enrolled in a dance group, subsequently auditioned for the New Dance Group in New York, and earned a scholarship with that institution.

During Primus's tenure at the New Dance Group, she began to do research on African culture. She visited museums and consulted books, articles, and pictures for months to produce on 14 February 1943 her first significant dance work, African Ceremonial which she had asked continental Africans to judge ...

Article

Race and Racism  

Audrey Smedley

Article

Publication History:

Published in print:
19 March 1998
Published online:
30 September 2010

The idea of race as applied to humans has undergone a number of changes since the early sixteenth century, when the term first appeared in the English language as a way of referring to human groups. Until the mid-eighteenth century race was a classificatory word, like type or kind. From this period on, popular consensus has held that races are groups of people who differ from one another in such inherited physical characteristics as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other physiognomic features. Thus certain biophysical traits are seen as the symbols or markers of racial identity.

Throughout the nineteenth century and much of the twentieth the biological and anthropological sciences confirmed the popular view holding that the bases for race classifications are physical variations among populations originating in different geographic areas however scientists have never been able to agree on the specific criteria for determining race differences ...