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date: 16 March 2025

Persian Gulf Warslocked

America's military confrontations with Iraq in 1991 and 2003, in which African Americans made up a quarter of all U.S. forces in the war zone.

Persian Gulf Warslocked

America's military confrontations with Iraq in 1991 and 2003, in which African Americans made up a quarter of all U.S. forces in the war zone.

A version of this article originally appeared in Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.

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