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date: 16 March 2025

Birmingham, Alabamalocked

Southern city that served as the center of black industrial employment and a key site of black labor struggles and civil rights protests.

Birmingham, Alabamalocked

Southern city that served as the center of black industrial employment and a key site of black labor struggles and civil rights protests.
  • Sarah Russell

A version of this article originally appeared in Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience.

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